Protection of lake
Surface layer and the water column
23 000 km3 of fresh water , concentrated in the lake, over 7 -year-old stock of Russian rivers and are 3 -year-old all rivers in Eurasia. Baikal ecosystem annually produces an average of 60 km3 . It is this amount of water (0.26 % of total reserves) of renewable water resources of Lake Baikal, is now almost fully used and hydropower , in very small quantities - water intake facilities , including intake of deep waters of Lake Baikal on tap .
As a source of the Angara , and at all depths of Lake Baikal water differs by a constant hydrocalcium composition with mineralization about 100 dm 3 and a constant oxygen saturation of about 10-12 dm 3 .
Natural changes in the chemical composition of the water of Lake Baikal occur in the surface layer , warm in the summer and most oxygenated due to wind currents. Winter mixing of the water is due to constant circulation beneath the ice flows moving in the Baikal basins counter-clockwise ( in the plan) . The most noticeable change in the composition of water in the silicon content and
organic phosphorus compounds , and nitrogen. Concentration of silicon absorbs the spring and summer diatoms increase sharply in the winter.
Concentration of organic phosphorus and nitrogen compounds associated with the seasonal cycles of phytoplankton development and have two maxima (January-February and July) and two minima (May- June and August) .
State waters of the lake in 2012
( FGBI " Hydrochemical Institute " Hydrometeorology, Rostov- on-Don) In 2012, control of the water quality of Lake Baikal was carried out :
- South Baikal - in the area of influence of the Baikal pulp and paper mill wastewater ,
- Around the source of the Angara and port areas (n. Big Goloustnoye , paragraph Kultuk § § Baikal and Vydrino );
- Background on deep stations fiducial cut extending along the Lake Baikal to the central part ;
- In the North Baikal - in effect area trails BAM .
In the area BPPP hydrochemical , hydrobiological and geochemical observations were made at a location to release wastewater plant lake surface area of 250 km2 and 100 meter in the control target.
In the control the alignment of the 100-meter in 2012 held seven shootings in five verticals with water sampling in 10 m depth . During the year the control section 147 has been selected water samples and performed in 1561 by the general measurement and regulated water quality of the lake.
In 2012, violations of water quality of Lake Baikal recorded by content:
- Sulphate ions in February and March to 1.05 MAC;
- The amount of ions in February to 1.07 MAC;
- Volatile phenols to 2 MPC in April and June to 3 September MPC and MPC 4 February ;
- Chloride ions within 1,4-3,5 MACs from February to September with a maximum excess of the minimum in February and in March and April ;
- Suspended solids in June from 1,4-5,3 MACs ;
- Water pollution nesulfatnoy sulfur in 2012 were not found. Only one sample is taken in August nesulfatnoy sulfur concentration was 0.5 mg / l , whereas in October 2011 at 50 % of the samples nesulfatnoy sulfur content is in the range of 0.3-0.4 mg / l.
Over the year, not only in October were impaired water quality of Lake Baikal in the control section .
On the lake surface area of 250 km2 hydrochemical observations were carried out with more frequent sampling ( over 600 m) in the dispersion zone of wastewater - the landfill area of 35 km2. Water samples were collected in October from depths of 0.5 m , 25 -50 m, 75 - 100 m, 200 m, and bottom - 1 m from the bottom . In 2012 it was selected 348 water samples and measured the chemical composition of the 20 components. Hydrochemical data surveys in the waters adjacent to BPPP were compared with observations at the near background verticals Southern Baikal .
Compared to the background area of Lake Baikal , near BPPP in 2012 were relatively increased maximum concentrations:
- Mineral compounds amounts - up to 100 mg / l ( von 95 mg / l );
- Sulfate ions - up to 7.2 mg / l ( 6,1 background mg / l );
- Chloride ion - up to 1.7 mg / l ( 1,1 background mg / l).
Chromaticity values increased to 19 degrees ( 14 degrees background ) . Compared to the year 2011 was an increase in the maximum concentration of chlorine ions from 1.4 mg / l to
1.7 mg / l. In 2011, the percentage of detection nesulfatnoy sulfur was higher than in 2012 , and in August was 23% ( 0,2-03 mg / l) , and in the ice period - 13% ( 0.2-0.4 mg / l ) . In October 2012 nesulfatnaya sulfur was detected in 12% of samples collected water 0.2-0.3 mg / l.
Observations in 2012 as in 2011 showed that the resumption of production at BPPP contributed to the decline in water quality of the lake hydrochemical indices as in the area of the control point located 100 m from the scattering discharge of sewage plant , and throughout the site.
At the North Baikal in the area adjacent to the highway BAM , hydrochemical observations were made in September 2012 on the horizon, 0.5 m were selected 17 samples and 340 measurements performed on 20 components of the chemical composition of the lake water . Had elevated values:
- Color ( maximum - 29.0 degrees , background - 14 degrees , average - 15.8 degrees , background - 11 degrees );
- Silicon - up to 4.4 mg / l ( 1,6 background mg / l ) Medium - 1.6 mg / l ( -1,0 pattern mg / l );
- Sulphate - up to 8.5 mg / l ( 6,1 background mg / l ) Medium - 6.2 mg / l ( 5,3 background mg / l).
Average content of total nitrogen in water (0.174 mg / l) , organic nitrogen ( 0,171 mg / L) and total phosphorus ( 0,014 mg / L) and the organic phosphorus (0.011 mg / l) was close to the background of their content in the surface layer of the Northern Baikal - 0,163 mg / l 0,171 mg / l 0,014 mg / l 0,011 mg / l, respectively.
In the area of the source p . Angara 2012 water sampling was conducted in August with the surface horizon . Three samples were selected and performed 57 measurements on 19 components of the chemical composition of lake water . In general, the lake water at the source of the Angara River in chemical composition corresponded to water background section of Southern Baikal . Only the concentration of sulfate ions (mean 6.0 mg / L) was above the background in the water content of Southern Baikal (mean 4.8 mg / l ) for the same period of observation.
In 2012, the laboratories of Irkutsk and Baikal CGMS hydrochemical observations were conducted in the vicinity of the ports of Southern Baikal p . B. Goloustnoye , Kultuk § , § § Baikal and Vydrino .
On the surface horizon of the lake near the ports were selected 13 samples of water and 253 measurements performed on 22 indicators of water quality. In 2012 there was a decrease of the average concentrations compared with those in 2011 :
- Total phosphorus from 0.016 to 0.012 mg / l (maximum 0,024 mg / l , p Kultuk );
- Organic phosphorus from 0.015 to 0.013 mg / l (maximum 0,020 mg / l , p Kultuk );
- Nitrate nitrogen from 0.09 to 0.05 mg / l (maximum 0.20 mg / l , p Kultuk ) .
Nitrite nitrogen was detected in the area of the B. Goloustnoye - 0.002 mg / l (February ) and part Vydrino - 0.004 mg / l (June).
In 2012 as well as in 2009-2011 . all ports in areas of southern Baikal was observed exceedances MPC oil . The average concentration was 0.01 mg / l and a maximum of 0.02 mg / l ( February and April , Goloustnoye BPP ) . Concentrations of volatile phenols in 2012 found only near the settlement Kultuk (March) and decreased to 0.001 mg / l vs. 0.002 mg / l ( 2011 ) and 0.004 mg / l (2010) .
In general, the human pressure on the lake. Baikal port area in 2012 decreased compared to the previous years of observations.
Findings
1. Increase in 2012 compared to the year 2011 is 1.4 times the volume of wastewater discharge BPPP contributed to the decline in water quality of Lake Baikal near the control point located 100 m from the deep scattering wastewater discharge BPPP .
2 . In 2012, the human pressure on Lake Baikal in the port area in the southern part of the lake ( pgt. Kultuk claim Baikal , p. Vydrino with . B. Goloustnoye ) decreased in comparison with 2011 .
3 . In 2012, after a long period ( 2008-2011 observations were made ) conducted hydrochemical observations around the source p . Hangar and in the northern part of the lake ( BAM zone of influence ) . MAC exceedances have been recorded.
Recommendations
1. Restore Full program of state surface water monitoring in accordance with the scheme cuts ( Roshydromet) .
2 . As part of the events number 52 "Modernization of national monitoring network for the environment " FTP " Protection of Lake Baikal and the socio- economic development of the BPT " develop and submit to IAC Terms of Reference for the project development of state environmental monitoring subsystem unique ecological system of Lake Baikal , under Article 63.1 " Unit
tion of state environmental monitoring system ( state environmental monitoring ) " Federal law from 10.01.2002 № 7 -FZ" On Environmental Protection " (Roshydromet and Ministry of Russia ) .
Protection of lake 
