Runoff from Lake Baikal. Drain directly into the lake water more than 300 streams of different sizes. Follows one river - Angara . In its origin it is the resulting process of river flow in the Baikal catchment and purification processes of its ecosystem of Lake Baikal. Term average annual flow of the lake is 60 km3, which corresponds to the flow of water - 1.9 thousand m3 / s.
In 2012, the annual runoff of Lake Baikal was somewhat below historical averages - 55.5 km3 (1.75 thousand m3 / s) , which is 13 % more compared to 2011 , when runoff was 49.04 km3 ( 1.55 thousand m3 / s) .
About the quality of water at the source p . Angara data indicate decadal hydrochemical monitoring conducted since 1997 by the Institute of Geochemistry SB RAS. Average statistical values ​​of the basic parameters of the chemical composition of Baikal waters entering the river. Angara ( dm 3 ): K + - 0,93; Na + - 3,27; Ca2 + - 15,38; Mg2 + - 3,34; Cl--0,60; SO4 2 - 5.86 ; HCO3 - 65,65; O2 solubility. - 12.46 ; mineralization - 95.07 . Marked seasonal variation of the total mineralization of water within 89,8-102,4 dm 3, caused by changes in the concentrations of HCO3 - and Ca2 + and related fluctuations in the level of Lake Baikal. 

 
Runoff into the lake. The main volume of river runoff into the lake formed in the buffer zone of ecological BPT where the main catchment area of the four largest rivers , tributaries of Lake Baikal ( Selenga, Upper Angara , Barguzine and Turk ) and Mongolia ( Selenga ) . Watersheds all other tributaries of Lake Baikal are in CEZ .
The average annual volume of river flow into the lake from the Buryatia is 55.1 km3 ( 91.8% Baikal Photo ), including Local Photo - 32.4 km3 , transit ( of the Trans-Baikal region and Mongolia ) - 22.7 km3. On the part of the Irkutsk region river runoff into the lake formed entirely within the CEZ .

General information on the tributaries of Lake Baikal and the quality of their waters in 2012. Water-quality monitoring major tributaries of Lake Baikal carried organizations FGBI " Irkutsk AHEM " and FGBI " Transbaikalia AHEM " Hydromet .
In 2012, the hydrochemical monitoring was conducted on 33 rivers flowing into Lake Baikal and 16 tributaries of the first and second order , flowing into the Selenga river , a major tributary of the lake (Figure 1.2.1.1.1 ) . In 2012, 49 rivers monitored were selected 487 water samples ( 2011 - 454 samples) .
In each of the selected samples was determined from 28 to 40 indicators of the chemical composition of river water . According to the results of observations in 2011-2012 . FGBI " Hydrochemical Institute " Hydromet (Rostov- on-Don) comparative assessment of concentrations of dissolved and suspended solids in the water main tributaries of Lake Baikal.
Following is the characteristics of water quality for 2011-2012. five major rivers , delivering its drain into the lake , mainly from environmental buffer zone , and a group of small rivers that form the stock within the central ecological zone .
The material has the following structure :
a) The Selenga River :

c) Admission to the Selenga River and Lake Baikal dissolved and suspended solids ( FGBI " Hydrochemical Institute " Hydromet )
g ) Other tributaries of Lake Baikal ( FGBI " Hydrochemical Institute " Hydrometeorology, Buryat CGMS - branch FGBI " Zabaikalskoe AHEM " Hydromet )

d ) Admission to the Baikal dissolved and suspended solids from the main tributaries of Lake Baikal ( FGBI " Hydrochemical Institute " Hydromet )
e) Small tributaries of Lake Baikal ( FGBI " Hydrochemical Institute " Hydromet )
g) The content of pesticides in the tributaries of Lake Baikal ( FGBI " Hydrochemical Institute " Hydromet )
h) Conclusions: The overall assessment of river water quality basin of Lake Baikal

a) The Selenga River
Selenga - transboundary river is the largest tributary. In an average year it brings into the lake about 30 km3 of water , accounting for half of total inflows into the lake. 46% of annual runoff p . Selenga formed on the territory of Mongolia. The river is 1024 km . Catchment area - 447.06 km2 in the territory of Russia -148.06 km2 , including in Buryatia - 94.10 km2 . Number of tributaries on the territory of Russia - about 10,000 . All major tributaries are within the buffer zone of ecological : Dzhida , Temnik , Chika , Hillock , Uda . In the central ecological zone is only a vast delta of the Selenga River ( below the village Kabansk ) .

a1) Water quality assessment of the Selenga River on the main indicators ( FGBI " Hydrochemical Institute " Hydromet)
Water quality control p . Selenga held in nine alignments , located on the border with Mongolia to the delta of the river on a plot length of 402 km . V2012 year were selected from the river water samples 167 ( 2011 - 167 samples) with frequency selection from 7 to 36 times a year .
In the long-term series of observations from 2001 to 2012 a steady trend towards stabilization and reduction of water pollution indices p . Selenga not observed.

 
Fig . Layout points of observation of the water quality of Lake tributaries . Baikal 

According to observations in 2012 , in the water of the river in the Russian sector of MPC excess pollutants were equal : BOD5 values ​​for water in 24% ( 2011 - 15% 23.0% - a perennial value) , volatile phenols - 24 , 5 % ( 2011 - 30% 23.0% - a perennial value) of petroleum products - by 2.1 % ( 2011 - 7.7%, 13.0% - a perennial value). In 2012, the frequency of violations of the norm easily - oxidizable organic substances and phenols exceeded MPC almost meet their long-term values ​​in a series of observations of 2001-2011 . Frequency of the maximum permissible concentration of petroleum products has been well below long-term . 

 
Data on water pollution p . Selenga dissolved compounds of copper, zinc and lead as well as the concentration of polluting organic substances in the last two years of observations :

Notes: Changes in values ​​of parameters are shown color : yellow - within 10% ,
green - a reduction of more than 10 % , orange - an increase of over 10%.
Red color allocates pollutant concentrations exceeding the MPC fisheries

Notes: Changes in values ​​of parameters are shown color : yellow - within 10% , green - a decrease of more than 10 % ,
orange - an increase of over 10%.


Fig . 1.2.1.1.2 Selenga River . Concentration of organic substances in the points of observation in 2011 and 2012

a2) Evaluation of the Selenga River water pollution by specific combinatorial pollution index
( Buryat CGMS - branch FGBI " Zabaikalskoe AHEM " Hydromet ) 

 
In 2003-2011, in accordance with RD 52.24.643-2002 "Method comprehensive assessment of surface water pollution by hydrochemical parameters " calculated values ​​of specific combinatorial index of water pollution ( UKIZV ) for all observation points , subject to the same amount of water quality indicators .
In 2012, according to the order Hydromet (letter dated 19.04.2013 № 140-02304/13 « On ensuring interaction" ) in the provision of materials for the preparation of public reports all FGBI AHEM obliged lead assess the level of pollution of water bodies and categories without specifying numerical values ​​of the indicators IZA and UKIZV. Therefore, in the table are the values ​​of combinatorial pollution index in 2012 .

Note: Colors shown UKIZV : orange -3 , and 00 more or less green 2.50 , bright green , less than 2.00

As shown in Figure 1.2.1.1.3 depending on the complexity of the maximum coefficient ( K) is a simple but at the same time quite authentic characteristic of human impact on water quality. To increase indicates the appearance of new contaminants in the water analyzed water body .

The dependence of the maximum rate of Ris.1.2.1.1.3 complexity ( K) and specific combinatorial index of water pollution ( UKIZV ) of conductivity p . Selenga and the amount of pollutants in the river water for the period 1996-2012 gg. 

a3) Water quality assessment p . Selenga on alignments state RosHydromet Observing System ( CGMS Buryat - branch FGBI " Zabaikalskoe AHEM " Hydromet )
Monitoring water quality main tributary of Lake Baikal held from the border with Mongolia to Selenga delta , inclusive, 9 alignments located on a plot of n Naushki up with . Murzino . During the year, the water of the river as a whole had a satisfactory oxygen regime . Oxygen saturation varied in the range 45-106 %. Minimum saturation was noted in paragraph observations at p. Kabansk ( in range from 0.5 km below . Kabansk ) during the closed channel. The reaction medium during the year ranged from neutral ( 6.62 units . PH) to alkaline ( 8.91 units . PH). The quantity of mineralization in the whole river was within 89,8-266 dm 3 . In the boundary section in paragraph Naushki value mineralization was within 152-266 dm 3 . Downstream there is a gradual decrease in salinity due to the dilution effect of the main tributaries of the river . Selenga , and with . Murzino value mineralization ranged from 89.9 to 198 dm 3 dm 3 .
Exceeding the maximum allowable concentration level of the analyte in paragraph Naushki during the year was recorded on 9 indicators of water quality of 17 accounted for . Additionally determined fluorides , aluminum , manganese and nickel. In 100% of the collected samples was observed prevysheniePDK content of manganese, 77.8 % - copper, 71.4 % - of total iron , 55.6% - Zinc . For these ingredients , water pollution is defined as a characteristic . Contamination hard - oxidizable organic substances - stable ; nickel , aluminum, phenols and oil products - is unstable.
The maximum concentration of total iron was recorded 21.38 MPC ( 24.07) , copper - 4 MAC ( 23.09 ), zinc - 1.3 MAC ( 04.12 ) , nickel - 1.5 MAC ( 17.05 ) , manganese - 9.1 MPC ( 04.12 ) difficult - oxidation of organic matter - 1.7 MAC ( 20.08 ) , volatile phenols - 2 MAC ( 23.09 ), oil - 1.2 MAC ( 20.02 and 20.06) . Compared to last year , an increase in the maximum concentration of total iron , zinc and nickel. Decreased content of difficult- organic compounds copper , aluminum , manganese, and mineral oil. Compared to last year there has been some improvement in water quality. Water in the alignment was characterized as "polluted" ( in 2011 - "dirty" ) .
Maximum permissible concentration in water from the river with . Novoselenginsk noted in 6 ( in 2011 - 7) ingredients of the chemical composition of the 13 defined . Mineralization of river water varied from small ( 111 dm 3 ) to medium (212 dm 3 ) , the maximum value of mineralization observed in the wintertime . Repeatability cases exceeding MPC contaminated water content was determined by the total iron and copper - as a characteristic , zinc and hard - oxidizable organic substances - stable , easy-to- oxidize organic substances and volatile phenols - as unstable .
In the water, the river reached its maximum concentration of zinc - 1.5 MAC ( 06.12 ) , total iron - 23.5 MAC ( 27.06) , volatile phenols - 2 MAC ( 26.04 and 22.05 ), copper - 7 MPC ( 25.07) , difficult- organic substances - 1.9 MPC ( 25.07) , easily oxidized organic matter - 1.3 MAC ( 22.05 ) . Compared to last year the quality of the river water has improved. Characterization of the state of water pollution has changed from "very polluted " ( in 2011 ) to " contaminated ."
In the area of ​​Ulan-Ude water pollution monitoring carried out in three alignments : 2 km above the town (background ); 1 km downstream from the city of Ulan -Ude (control ) and the RGM . Pavement. Wastewater discharges carried MUP "Water canal" - the right bank and left-bank municipal wastewater treatment plants . Waste water is classified as " insufficiently treated ." Impact on the quality of wastewater p . Selenga prosle - alive marginally content of suspended solids , sulfates, nutrients and some metals . Mineralization of water for all alignments was small , only during the winter low water increased from 204 to 247 dm 3 dm 3 ( 20.02 ) .
Violation of water quality standards of 17 recorded variables included : 8 - in the background alignment , with 10 - and in the control section 9 indicators of the RGM . Pavement. Paragraph observations River water pollution common iron , copper, zinc and manganese was determined as a characteristic , it is difficult - and easy - oxidizable organic matter , aluminum and volatile phenols - unstable , nitrite nitrogen and oil - unit .
The target above the city is awarded the maximum concentration of easily oxidized organic matter - 1.4 MPC ( 20.11 ) . The target below the city recorded maximum concentrations of nitrite nitrogen - 2.2 MPC ( 20.02 ) and manganese - 10 MPC ( 20.02 ), copper - 5.6 MPC ( 20.12 ) , aluminum - 1.7 MAC (19.07 ), oil - 1 , 6 MAC ( 21.05 ) . The RGM . Bridge maximum total iron concentration - 9.5 MPC ( 22.05 ) and hard - oxidation of organic matter - 2.2 MPC ( 22.05 ) recorded during the period of spring flood , zinc - 2.4 MAC ( 20.04 ) . In the background, the alignment and the RGM . Bridge water river "polluted" in control section - "very polluted" .
In paragraph hydrochemical observations at p. Kabansk observations were made in 3 alignments : 23.5 km upstream from . Kabansk (background ); 19.7 km from above . Kabansk (control); 0.5 km from below . Kabansk ( vodposta in range ) . Reset domestic sewage carried into the channel MUP Housing Selenginsk claim.
Maximum permissible concentration for the year was recorded in the background alignment 6 of 13 ingredients accounted for in the control - 7 ingredients in the alignment vodposta 9 of 16 accounted ingredients . According to the classification of water repeatability cases exceeding MPC loaded znennost water in difficult- point observations as a characteristic , easily oxidized organic substances - resistant , nickel, aluminum and volatile phenols - unstable , nitrite nitrogen - identity .
    Water in an area . Kabansk characterized as "very dirty."
In the estuary. Selenga (p. Murzino) on integrated assessment of water quality observed characteristic pollution content trudnookis - trolled organic matter , total iron , copper, zinc and volatile phenols ; stable - easily oxidized organic matter.
Water quality is described as " very polluted" (in 2011 - "water polluted").

b) the Selenga River Tributaries
b1) Water quality tributaries . Selenga on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia and the Trans-Baikal region ( Buryat CGMS - branch FGBI " Zabaikalskoe AHEM " Hydromet )

b1 -1 ) Dzhida River, left tributary of the river . Selenga watershed along the border with Mongolia and partly on its territory (the right tributary Dzhida - p . Zheltura ) .

River water was analyzed at two points have to. Khamenei and Art. Jida . Total hardness of the river varies from mild (2,31 ° F ) to moderately hard (4,98 ° F) . Mineralization of river water varied from small ( 190 dm 3 ) to medium (450 dm 3 ) . The maximum value of the mineralization observed in winter and have to. Khamenei . Reaction is slightly alkaline environment of the watercourse ( 7,64-8,40 units . PH) , oxygen regime satisfactory .